Absorption of Nuclear Radiation Essay Example for Free

Absorption of Nuclear Radiation Essay The purpose of this experiment was to determine the mass thickness attenuation factor for beta rays when they pass through polyethylene sheets of varying thicknesses. This was done by using an apparatus that measured the seven different intensities and then taking these values, putting them through a number of calculations and finally generating a graph of ln(I_corr) versus the thickness of the polyethylene sheets. Once this graph was created, it was possible to apply a linear fit and using that, it was possible to determine the slope of the line. The slope was then used to calculate the mass thickness attenuation factor which ended up being (0.197m  ± 0.008) g/cm2. This value was then compared to the theoretical value of 0.2 g/cm2 through a percent difference computation. The percent difference was found to be a mere 1 percent which allowed for the conclusion that the results were very accurate. This was further supported by the graph that was generated because it showed the trend that was expected to be seen. Overall, the experiment was quite successful with only one minor, possible source of error and that being a slight misreading of the intensity apparatus which would explain the 1 percent difference. Objectives: In this experiment there were a couple different objectives. The first objective was to gain an understanding of mass thickness attenuation through an investigation using beta rays and polyethylene sheets of different thicknesses. The second objective was to gain practice with new and unfamiliar laboratory instruments. Experimental Procedure: For this experiment, there were multiple parts to the procedure. The first part was to find the voltage at which the specific G-M counter operates. This was done by first setting the timer to auto and placing the beta tray in the G-M tube. Next, the counter set up was powered on, reset, and started by pushing the button labeled â€Å"count.† The voltage was increased in small increments until the unit began to continue to increase on its own. Once this occurred, it meant that the threshold voltage had been determined. After this, 75 volts was added to the threshold voltage and the machine remained at this level for the rest of the experiment. The next part of the procedure was to determine the background radiation that was present within the environment. This was done by simply turning on the counter, at the previously determined voltage, and taking a ten minute measurement. Once this was completed it was possible to determine what radiation was coming from the samples and what was just coming from the environment. The relative error for the intensity number found during this part of the procedure was then calculated and both values were recorded. The next part of the procedure was performed to discover the mass thickness attenuation coefficient of beta rays through polyethylene sheets of varying thickness. This was done by placing the beta source in the second level of the counter, placing the polyethylene sheet in the unit also, turning on the counter, and taking a one minute reading. This same procedure was repeated 6 more times, with 6 other polyethylene sheets of varying thicknesses. Each count for all seven polyethylene sheets was recorded, along with the varying thicknesses of the sheets, and both values were used in the final calculations. Experimental Results: The plot that was generated from the results can be found on attachment one. The calculations to come to these results can be found on attachment two. Data Analysis and Discussion: In this experiment an apparatus was used to observe the way the mass thickness attenuation factor changed when multiple polyethylene sheets of a variety of thicknesses were used. The apparatus that was used, measured the intensity of the radiation in a unit know as counts. Because it is not possible to completely exclude the background noise that is naturally occurring in the environment, it was necessary to take this into account when performing the calculations. For each polyethylene sheet that was used (of which there were seven), the I_corr was calculated. This was done by taking the intensity value given by the apparatus, subtracting the background noise value that was found previously, and then dividing by ten. Once all of these values were calculated, they were then used to find the natural log of I_corr, which ended up being the y value on the graph. After generating the ln(I_corr) versus thickness graph, a linear fit was applied. It was from the information provided by the linear fit that allowed comparisons to be made between the theoretical and experimental values. The slope of the linear fit was used to calculate the experimental mass attenuation factor and its error which was found to be (0.197m  ± 0.01) g/cm2. This value was then compared to the theoretical value of 0.2 g/cm2 through the percent difference equation. The percent difference was found to be 1.35%. The most probably source of error that caused this percent difference is a slight misreading by the apparatus used to measure intensity. In order to have decreased the possibility of this happening, the unit should have been tested beforehand to ensure that it was working at its full potential. Because the percent difference is so small, however, it can be concluded that not only are the experimental results precise, but that they are also very accurate and can be accepted as the mass attenuation factor. This is also supported by the graph. The value for intensity seen on the graph decreases in an almost linear fashion, as the thickness of the polyethylene sheets increased as was expected. This indicated that as the polyethylene sheets increased in thickness, the intensity of radiation decreased, suggesting that more beta rays were being absorbed. Conclusion: Overall, the objectives of the experiment were accomplished. Not only was mass thickness attenuation looked at in great detail throughout the experiment, but it was also investigated further after the fact through comparison of the theoretical and experimental values. According to the results, the beta rays scatter and absorb at a mass thickness attenuation factor of (0.197m +/- 0.01) g/cm2. When this value was compared to the theoretical value of 0.2 g/cm2, it was concluded that indeed it was accurate because it had a percent difference of a mere 1 percent. Furthermore, this percentage could be explained by a simple misreading of the unit used to find the intensity values. Had the unit not made any slight misreading, the percent difference would have been even smaller and the experiment would have been even more successful.

Essay --

The film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless mind focuses on the interesting topic of memory. The film follows two main characters, Joel and Clementine, who have both chosen to erase part of their memory. What both characters, and other characters in the movie, find out though is that our memory is complex and very flexible to what we make of it. The film reflects the tendency that we have as humans, to think that we are in control of our memory. The truth is that our memory is not like a video tape of the events in our lives nor is it a library of the knowledge we have collected. As I watched the movie, I couldn’t help but think; our memory is more like a ball of clay. Our minds can take the clay and make it into a shape and we can stare at that shape and know that shape but our minds will play with that clay and mold it into something different eventually. The idea portrayed in the movie is that no memory is safe from our meddling minds. The film emphasizes on the power of our long-term memory and our episodic memories. Would we be happier if we forgot about traumatic past experiences? Or are our long-term memories so tangled up with emotions and sensations that our brain is unable to truly let go of long-term memories? The film also looks at the difference between explicit and implicit memories. Although the film plays out in non-linear progression and is somewhat confusing at times, the audience quickly catches on to the plot. Joel and Clementine are in a relationship for two years before finally deciding to break it off. Like most couples, the two shared a lot of good memories but the fights that lead to their breakup were too emotionally heavy for free-spirited Clementine to bear any more. She pays some futuristic company ... ... to look past all the terrible things in their past and they chose love again. This film challenges the audience to actively get involved with the two characters, Joel and Clem. We see both characters try and take control of their memory. First by undergoing the procedure and then especially when Joel tries to keep his memories of Clem. But the characters find out that memory is more complicated than we think it is. We can mold out memories, change our memories, repress our memories and remember things we didn’t even know we experienced. In some ways, the writers challenge us to think about our own memories. If we were given the chance would we erase some of our painful memories? I think we are unable to detangle our memories. I think that our memories are stacked and tangled with each other and deleting or tampering with those memories is dangerous and unnatural.

Health Care – Paper

The facility wants to take in as many tenants' as it could without having the patients' wait an extremely long time. Implementing strategies mentioned below will give facilities better reviews from patients' further letting others know about how efficient the staff is about getting patients' seen faster. When a patient comes in to see a doctor for the first time, they are given a stack of papers which gives the doctor, and medical Insurance specialist information on medical Insurance, demographics, medical history, family history, and so on.This Is a process which prolongs the wait time for the new patient. This can easily be fixed by Implementing a strategy to which patient's fill out registration forms online at their own time before the appointment. A way to further this strategy Is to have an upload feature on the practice's website to where the patient can also send copies of the insurance card and ID to the practice. This method can then be scanned into their electronic medical record software.If the patient does not own a computer, or have access to the Internet, they can have the option to have the forms mailed to them. Another strategy to implement on effective patient intake is to have a card system here each card is assigned a patient and once swiped, gives the medical insurance specialist the information on the patient. The patient can either carry the card, or the practice can keep them on hand. Having a card system will ensure patient's Intake process Is fast, as well as the patient being checked out fast.Having a card system will allow a faster way to which a medical Insurance specialist can upload information sent from the patient through the practice's website onto the card system and the electronic medical record software. To improve a doctor's office further, implementing a strategy to where a patient will to be seen if more than 10 minutes late will also improve the time which a patient is seen by a doctor. According to Cootie, Patella, and Gonzalez (2008), â€Å"On-time patients were found to have a longer wait time once in the exam room for the physician than those that were late (14. Ð’Â ± 9. 2 minutes versus 11. 0 Ð’Â ± 8. 4 minutes, P = . 005); however, those patients spent a significantly longer time with the physician† (Para. 1). If patients' are aware of a late arrival, they will be more adept to arriving on time. This strategy will Improve how fast patients' are being seen with the amount of time being pent on each patient. This strategy can be stated In the practice's policies which are given to a patient upon registration and made aware of at that time. There can also come into the office.When a patient comes in and registers at the front office, there are multiple people handling all sorts of tasks, such as answering the phones, checking in patients. Entering patient information and taking patient's to rooms where their pulse, weight, and reason for visit is taken down. Because of these multi -tasters, it is usually difficult to get patient registered fast enough to be seen. For this reason, at a busy office, there should be one person dedicated to registering patients to maximize the efficiency of patient intake.This will also ensure that all information from the patient is accurate. This will also ensure that established patients' information is current and up-to-date. With the implementation of these strategies to improve patient intake, patients' will feel better knowing they can have a visit to the doctor without having to wait a long time. Patients' also look for doctor's practices to where the wait time is short between all processes of intake.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) - Advantages and Disadvantages - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2928 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction Today, corporate social responsibility is considered as part of business strategy, there are many debates and reports about the nature and value or business opportunities that can be achieved when implementing corporate social responsibility. Also as corporate social responsibility can be a source of opportunity, innovation, and competitive advantage rather than just a cost, a constraint, or charitable deed. Along with the comprehensive the renovation of the country, the success in accelerating economic growth rate are posing the country for many social and environmental problems the urgent. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Advantages and Disadvantages" essay for you Create order The main issues that are demanding economic entities, including businesses, are responsible for contributing to; if not itself economic growth will not be sustainable and will pay the price too expensive environmental and social issues. Related to this report will evaluate the benefits and problems when implementing corporate social responsibility. And to clearly understand about these issues, this report will explain what is the corporate social responsibility (Porter and karmen 2006). Definition of corporate social responsibility Corporate social responsibility is known as a number of other names: corporate responsibility, corporate accountability, corporate ethics, corporate citizenship, sustainability, stewardship, triple bottom line and responsible business, to name just a few. Corporate social responsibility is an evolving concept that currently does not have a universally accepted definition. Generally, corporate social responsibility is understood to be the way firms integrate environmental, social and economic concerns into their values, decision making, strategy and operations in a transparent and accountable manner and thereby establish better conducts within the firm, create wealth, material and improve society (Michael Hopkins, 2011) The World Business Council for Sustainable Development has described corporate social responsibility as the business contribution to sustainable economic development. implemented based on compliance with legislation and regulations, corporate social responsibil ity typically includes beyond law commitments and activities pertaining to: business management and ethics, health and safety, environmental stewardship, human rights (including core labor rights), human resource management, community involvement, investment and development , involvement and respect for indigenous people, corporate philanthropy and employee volunteering, , anti-bribery and anti-corruption measures, customer satisfaction and adherence to principles of fair competition, accountability, transparency and performance, supplier relations, for both domestic and international supply chains ( Richard E. Smith, 2011). Generally, corporate social responsibility is understood to be the way firms integrate environmental, social and economic concerns into their values, decision making, strategy and operations in a transparent and accountable manner and thereby establish better practices within the firm, create wealth, material and improve society. These elements of corporate s ocial responsibility are often interconnected and interdependent, and use to firms wherever they operate. Since businesses play a pivotal role in job and wealth creation in society, corporate social responsibility is a central management concern. It positions companies to both proactively manage risks and take advantage of opportunities, especially with respect to their corporate reputation and broad engagement of stakeholders (Leonardo B, Rocco, C and Hasan, 2007). The latter can include shareholders, employees, customers, communities, suppliers, governments, non-governmental organizations, international organizations and others affected by a companys activities (Cynthia D. M. 2008). Above all, corporate social responsibility is about performance: moving beyond words on a page to effective and observable actions and societal impacts. Performance reporting is all part of transparent, accountable and, hence, credible corporate behavior. There is considerable potential for probl ems when stakeholders perceive that a firm is just engaging in a public relations exercise and cannot demonstrate concrete actions that lead to real social and environmental benefits (Saeed Khan, 2010). The advantages and the tangible, intangible benefits gained from the practice of Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility is longer a familiar in the world but it is still a hot term to not only enterprises, customers, entire society but also investors. Every day, there are many activities related to corporate social responsibility. Enterprises use corporate social responsibility as a tool to develop their reputation in the global market. Investors use corporate social responsibility as a main reason to consider in decisions of enterprises to invest responsibility. Customers and entire society consider corporate social responsibility as an important factor to decide the cost, quality and progress of an enterprise. Because of important of corporate social responsibility, many corporations can pay a lot of money for corporate social responsibility to become a perfect business model, responsible for society, and have beliefs of community. In the current context of globalization, customers, investors, policy makers and non-governmental organizations around the globe are inc reasingly concerned over the impact of globalization on the rights of employees, the environment and community welfare. These businesses do not make social responsibility can no longer access to the international market. A typical example, Nike Corporation 1990 global boycott because of harsh labor conditions in factories in East Asia and Southeast Asia. During that period, there were a large number of workers demonstrated more and more on the implementation of Nikes labor regime, especially the countries of the world as Vietnam, Indonesia, and China. Protesters against the company including organizing a boycott of Nike products, on the media attention on the subject and create pages wed to decry the implementation mode Nikes labor. In fact, there are more than 240 weds have talked about it as Anti-Nike. Nike companies were operating and employ about 500,000 people. Protestors who is the claim, abused physically and mentally. Workers have to work in unsafe conditions and low wages o r salary is not enough. In addition to the salary is not enough for Nike factory workers, the protesters also spoke about the poor working conditions of the factory Nike. Many Nike factories have found poor air quality and dangerous conditions. Therefore, the product of Nike was ostracized throughout a period. So when Nike began to focus on the implementation of the companys responsibility for employees. And Nike Corporation has committed to the responsibility of the company to employees. Nike created working conditions for laborers to work in better conditions and ensure the health of people do. Through Nikes annual report on corporate social responsibility, and consumers begin to trust and Nikes business began to recover. So far, Nike is one of the largest sellers of sports shoes and clothing in the world. Company is currently active in over 110 countries, and other Nike products were people trust. In fact the world has shown that, does good corporate social responsibility, their benefits are not only not decreased but increased. The business benefits gained from implementation of social responsibility include lower costs, increase revenue, increase brand value, and cut incidence of employee severance, increased productivity and more opportunities to reach new markets. Corporate social responsibility can be broken down into specific actions with objects are employee, shareholder, supplier, consumer, community and environment ( UKessay, 2012). Firstly, corporate social responsibility for employee, the evaluation criteria to performance of corporate social responsibility to employees including compensated, without discrimination, remuneration policy and good training, and acceptable working conditions. There basic conditions, although simple, but not all enterprises can also perform complete. Most employees prefer their work by good working conditions and reasonable salary regimes. Enterprises meet these requirements also means creating team cohesion, love of work, proud of the companys image and determination to work for the benefit of company. Benefits gained here are in addition to significantly improved productivity, there is a cohesive culture in enterprise. Strong culture has a positive impact not only to the business itself but spread very well in the business community. This is what every corporates wants to build. Moreover, actual costs, opportunity cost, and energy plus the spiritual loss due to constantly looking for new personnel and training (in the case of former the termination of employment by the personnel policies of unsuitable) completely removed. Treatment policy and good culture and work environment to attract qualified staff look to the company ( UKessay, 2012). Secondly, corporate social responsibility for shareholder, information disclosure and transparency, companies operating efficiency and rational use of capital to increase value for the product done for any enterprise for sustainable development o f the enterprise. Addition, create confidence for investors, that belief is the emotional. These the decisive factors contributing to profit or destroy the value of stock shares only narrowly ( UKessay, 2012). Thirdly, corporate social responsibility for supplier and consumer, as for suppliers, shortened work on the key is to pay on time and good communication. Once embarked on the business, keeping good relationships with suppliers of strategic significance in ensuring a stable supply for production at reasonable prices; since then, the product is classified distribution to consumers in time and quality commitments. For customers, the corporate social responsibility shown in selling good products to satisfy the needs, at affordable prices, delivered on time, and safe for use. In fact, if the products meet the needs of consumers, product images and now kept in the minds of consumers. In business word of mouth has spread very strong pervasive. To maintain and expand market share i s the goal of any business that reflects the spirit of customer is God. Mrs. Lurita Doan, the first woman head of Service Delivery and Technical Supervisor of the U.S. government (General Services Administration) has also said the customer is king, if you do not provide services well; you will not have a second chance, and so will not be sustainable. To build a brand and customer confidence, the business becomes much more favorable ( UKessay, 2012). Fourthly, corporate social responsibility for community, for community in general, the first task is to protect the environment (also the protection of public health) and then the charity. Environmental pollution, natural resource depletion, climate change Business environment protection, in addition to complying with government regulations is not been wasted costs negate the consequences or damages litigation. Green investments are the hot issues in many developing countries ( UKessay, 2012). Corporate social responsibility repor ting has become important because it help the companies to communicate with society, consumers, workers, investors. The corporate social responsibility reporting will show the companies develop sustainably and protect environment or not. From the information in corporate social responsibility reporting, investors will consider to invest or not. A good corporate social responsibility report will increase the image and reputation of one business. Corporate social responsibility makes a difference, brand positioning for the company. Corporate social responsibility has shown the role and responsibilities citizens, has helped build the image of a good citizen in the society. This is a contributing factor position enterprise customer in mind, to make a difference with other businesses and bring sustainable development of enterprises. Investors will also trust in the companys ability to develop long-term and sustainable businesses develop strategies to optimize the interests of stakehol ders and the application of ethical standards in the process of decision business. Benefits followed by binding workers, attract talent and motivate the staff. Many researchers around the world to see, good people, often reputed to work in what they think is good in society and feel proud; where they can achieve personal development and participation contribute to community development. An example about one of many companies is conducting good corporate social responsibly, that is Starbuck Company. Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world, with about 20,891 stores in 62 countries. One of the factors that make up the success of Starbucks is considered corporate social responsibility as a strategy for sustainable service business. Starbucks success is not only based on the quality of product or service but also based on the companys responsibility towards society. There are many studies on the behavior of consumers and most of them question Why do consumers buy? an d what they buy? the answer lies not with the product or service itself but with the way a company conducts itself. Starbucks Coffee has made its mark in the global coffee industry by not only delivering a quality product but also striving to benefit the local community and the environment, as well as its employees and consumers in the process. Starbucks has run its business by driving corporate social responsibility as a tool that covers the company in every sector of their business. Lets take the environment, for example. Starbucks is really concerned about affecting the environment. By utilizing innovative technologies to improve the effectiveness in its processes, they reduce costs and at the same time they are preserving the environment. In terms of social strategies, Starbucks has splendid strategies to cooperate with its partners and stakeholders. Starbucks has created a lot of activities to encourage communities and to create long term relationships with them, which reflects on their brand. In terms of economics, Starbucks is not only thinking about its benefits but also for all parties related with their business, by following the laws of each country. Starbucks has managed to create fair trade with its suppliers, customers, and even for their competitors. It has made Starbucks very successful in its economic situation. Moreover, corporate social responsibility can build competitive advantage over competitors that Starbucks gain more competitive advantage by engaging in corporate social responsibility into every part the company. Specially, the company focuses on their suppliers and partners which they have run business as sustainable together. Disadvantages when implementing Corporate Social Responsibility However, in addition, must admit that, many businesses have not done seriously its social responsibility. It shows in the business scams, financial reporting, quality goods business, production, labor safety, intentionally causing environmental pollution. besides, many companies that violate the law of wages, insurance, labor safety issues for workers is no longer a rare phenomenon, has been causing urgency for social . Nowadays, there are different opinions about the cause of the non-implementation of social responsibility of business. Some people believe that corporate social responsibility has not been legalized in all businesses. For large enterprises with export markets, as required by the customer should be forced to make social responsibility, also for small as well as medium enterprises, due to financial difficulties and lack of legal constraints many businesses understand social responsibility as charitable contributions. Some others said that the implementation of soci al responsibility will increase costs for businesses, thus reducing the initial competitiveness not immediately see the immediate benefits, so that small and medium enterprises do not want to implement social responsibility. The main reason any company would object to participating in corporate social responsibility is the associated costs. With Corporate social responsibility, the companies have to pay for environmental programs, more employee training and reduce waste management programs. Proponents of corporate social responsibility agree that any expenses to businesses are ultimately covered by stronger relationships with key customers. Though , David Vogel indicates in his Forbes article corporate social responsibility doesnt Pay that investment in corporate social responsibility programs may not necessary result in measurable financial results. Another challenge for companies when considering corporate social responsibility is the possible negative perception of shareholders. Historically, publicly-owned companies had a primary focus of maximizing shareholder value. Now, they have to balance the financial expectations of company owners with the social and environmental requirements of other stakeholders. Some shareholders are happy to invest in companies that operate with high integrity. Some other may not approve of the aforementioned expenses of operating under corporate social responsibility guidelines (Neil Kokemuller, eHow Contributor, 2011). In summary, the implementation of social responsibility of business is relatively difficult. The reason so primarily due to incomplete understanding of corporate social responsibility; corporate social responsibility merely be understood as charitable contributions. Second, the implementation of corporate social responsibility also caused difficulties for small businesses due to lack of capital and technical resources to implement corporate social responsibility standards. The causes listed above can be attribu ted to three main reasons, which cause cognitive, economic reasons and legal reasons. Provides a good example of the limited importance of corporate social responsibility to financial performance. The firm enjoys a strong corporate social responsibility reputation due to its generous labor policies and its commitment to improve the earnings and environmental practices of coffee growers in developing countries. Yet since the beginning of 2008, its shares have recently declined nearly 50% (at last glance the SP 500 is down only 36%). The stocks disappointing performance has absolutely nothing to do with corporate social responsibility: It is entirely due to the firms over expansion and, most recently, the increasing unwillingness of consumers to pay as much for a cup of coffee as for a gallon of gasoline (Kristin Todd, 2009). Conclusion In conclusion, social responsibility has existed in enterprises in the world for a long time. This is an important factor affecting the quality and reputation of the business in the competitive business. Although the corporate social responsibility appears to generate more profit than the cost, many commentators have criticized it on a number of social issues, and ethics. There are many people advocate free market policies to advocate the notion that the only purpose of a company to maximize profits for its shareholders, while it must comply with the law in countries where it is active. Others even considered it more important and for that reason companies implement corporate social responsibility policy is better, they do provide Corporate Social Responsibility policy to ensure that the relationship business ethics. The success of Starbucks shows how companies can do well by doing that is, by issuing the practices of sustainable, profitable, and ethical. On the contrary, the comp any Nike is one example for the implementation of corporate social responsibility, and social criticism, boycott their products for a long time. And can clearly see that when Nike made corporate social responsibility, customer response has become better and they have been successful in business. Thus two examples above, we can see that the implementation of corporate social responsibility is as important as how, and the benefits achieved when implementing it.